Although closely related to both HIV-1 and SIVcpz, it is not known whether SIVgor is pathogenic and produces AIDS-like symptoms in its natural gorilla host.Ī primary site of SIV/HIV replication is the gut, which contains nearly 70% of the body's T-cell-producing lymphoid tissue ( Marchetti, 2013). In a separate cross-species jump, SIVcpz was transferred to gorillas, generating SIVgor, which subsequently moved to humans, producing the HIV-1 group P ( Takehisa et al., 2009), and possibly group O. That chimpanzee strain was subsequently transferred to humans on at least two separate occasions, developing into HIV-1 group N and group M ( Gao et al., 1999), the latter being the etiological agent of the global AIDS epidemic ( Keele et al., 2006). Within the great apes, SIV infections first appeared when SIVrcm from red-capped mangabeys ( Cercocebus torquatus) and SIVgsb/mus/mon from greater spot-nosed, moustached or mona monkeys ( Cercopithecus spp.) recombined to form SIVcpz ( Bailes et al., 2003). However, in most cases, the health effects of naturally occurring SIV infections remain unknown due to the difficulties inherent in monitoring wild primate populations. Infections can be either pathogenic or non-pathogenic depending on the host species and viral strain, and cross-species transmission of non-pathogenic SIVs can give rise to pathogenic strains in recipient hosts (Hahn and Sharp, 2010). The evolutionary history of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) is characterized by numerous cases of host switching among the more than 45 primate species in which this lentivirus has been detected ( Klatt et al., 2012). Our results indicate differences between the pathology of SIVgor and SIVcpz/HIV-1 infections, demonstrating the utility of investigating host microbial ecology as a means for studying disease in wild primates of high conservation priority. We hypothesize that the acquisition of this gorilla-specific enterotype was enabled by lowered immune-system control over the composition of the microbiome. The other gorilla enterotype appears specialized for a leaf-based diet and is enriched in environmentally derived bacterial genera. Regardless of SIV infection status, gorilla microbiomes assort into enterotypes, one of which is compositionally analogous to those identified in humans and chimpanzees. In contrast to the microbiomes of HIV-1 infected humans and SIVcpz-infected chimpanzees, SIVgor-infected gorilla microbiomes exhibit neither rises in the frequencies of opportunistic pathogens nor elevated rates of microbial turnover within individual hosts. Here, we examine the effects of SIVgor, a close relative of SIVcpz of chimpanzees and HIV-1 of humans, on the gut bacterial communities residing within wild gorillas, revealing that gorilla gut microbiomes are exceptionally robust to SIV infection. Because those SIV infections that are pathogenic have been shown to induce changes in the host's gut microbiome, monitoring the microbiota present in fecal samples can provide a noninvasive means for studying the effects of SIV infection on the health of wild-living primates. L’ enseignement privé au Cameroun est constitué du privé laïc et du privé confessionnel (catholique, protestant et islamique).Simian Immunodeficiency Viruses (SIVs) have been discovered in over 45 primate species however, the pathogenic potential of most SIV strains remains unknown due to difficulties inherent in observing wild populations.

L’enseignement supérieur est commun aux deux sous‐systèmes francophone et anglophone. Il est s'occupe de l’enseignement supérieur et post secondaire. le Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur (MINESUP).Il est chargé de l’enseignement post‐primaire et de la formation professionnelle le Ministère de l’Emploi et de la Formation Professionnelle (MINEFOP).Il est chargé de l’enseignement secondaire (général et technique), l’enseignement normal technique (ENIET) ainsi que l’enseignement normal général (ENIEG) le Ministère des Enseignements Secondaires (MINESEC).Il est chargé de l’enseignement maternel et primaire

le Ministère de l’Education de Base (MINEDUB).Les ministères en charge de l'éducation au Cameroun sont : Il existe aussi dans chacun des sous-systèmes francophone et anglophone, l’ enseignement public et l’ enseignement privé. Le système éducatif au Cameroun a deux sous‐systèmes qui sont le sous‐système francophone et le sous‐système anglophone.Ĭhacun de ces sous‐système a cinq niveaux d’enseignement : Les langues officielles au Cameroun sont le Français et l' Anglais.

Le Cameroun est un pays d'Afrique centrale.

Amadine yaounde